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Potassium permanganate has a long history of
successful application in drinking water
treatment, providing both primary and secondary
benefits. It is widely used by facilities to help
meet regulatory rules and public pressures to
produce quality drinking water. |
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Iron (Fe) & Manganese (Mn)
Oxidation |
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Case History |
Queensboro Water
Treatment Plant in Bear Mountain, New York has an
average flow of 150,000 GPD. In the summer of
2000, the plant personnel replaced chlorine with
permanganate as a pre-oxidant to control iron,
manganese, taste and odor, color, and turbidity.
CARUSOL® Liquid Permanganate was chosen over the
granular Potassium permanganate because it could
be easily stored and handled. The feed equipment
was simplified, and the manpower needed would be
minimized.
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Technical Brief |
Potassium permanganate is used in the Iron (Fe)
and Manganese (Mn) removal processes in both
surface water and ground water systems that employ
filtration. Permanganate oxidizes soluble iron
and manganese to insoluble precipitates. The
precipitates are removed from the water supply in
the clarification and filtration processes.
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Arsenic (As) Oxidation |
| Technical Brief |
Potassium permanganate is used to
remove arsenic (As) in ground water treatment
systems that employ filtration. Permanganate
oxidizes arsenic (As3+)
to As5+ that can
adsorb to insoluable precipitates such as hydros
manganese hydroxides or ferric hydroxide. The
precipitates are then removed from the water
supply in the clarification and filtration
processes. Permanganate can also be used for
arsenic removal in surface water plants that have
filtration.
More...
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Taste and
Odor Compounds Removal |
| Technical Brief |
Potassium permanganate is used in
systems treating surface water to aid in the
control of off-flavor tastes and odors.
Off-flavors are usually attributed to the
presence of blue-green algae in the water supply.
The oxidant has been found to be most effective
in treating off-flavors described as fishy,
septic, grassy, and cucumber. In many cases
permanganate will compliment activated carbon and
other treatment processes resulting in a
cost-effective taste and odor control program.
More... |
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Disinfectant By-Product Control (HAAs & THMs) |
| Case History |
The
Elsinore Valley Municipal Water District (E.V.M.W.D.)
is located in south central California just west
of Los Angles. The District covers a service area
of 96 square miles, providing water and sewer
services to over 86,000 persons. The average
daily water demand is 37 MGD. Of that volume, 33%
is well water, 37% is imported water from other
districts, and the remainder is surface water.
The potential for Trihalomethane (THM) formation
was from the surface water. Because of the
potential for high THM formation, it was decided
to evaluate CAIROX®
Potassium permanganate as an alternative
pre-oxidant to chlorine.
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The Carbondale Water Treatment Plant
(Carbondale, Illinois) with a design capacity of 8
MGD and an average flow of 4.6 MGD draws its water
from Cedar Creek Lake. Because of moderately high
raw water TOC levels (4.3-6.5 mg/L) and low
alkalinity (36-40 mg/L as CaCO3
), Carbondale is required to attain 45% TOC
removal under the Disinfection/Disinfection
Byproduct (D/DBP) Rule. Based on their HAA and
THM formation potentials (80-200 and 140-260 µg/L
respectively), effective treatment is required,
especially during summer months when temperatures
are high and DBP formation reaches its peak.
Carbondale personnel investigated a number of
treatment options to minimize DBP formation and
proactively achieve the Stage 2 limit of 30 µg/L
for HAAs. These options included replacing
chlorine with CAIROX®
Potassium permanganate as the pre-oxidant. In
addition to DBP control, pre-oxidation with CAIROX® was evaluated for
manganese, and taste and odor (T&O) problems.
More... |
| Technical Brief |
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are formed when
chlorine reacts with the organic precursors in raw
water. These precursors include humic and fulvic
acids. Moving the point of chlorination from the
raw water to later in the treatment and practicing
effective coagulation of the precursors can result
in a 40% to 70% reduction in trihalomethane
levels. Current regulations limit THM
concentrations in finished water to 80 µg/L.
More... |